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Self-injury found to be common in high-school students

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, the deliberate, direct destruction of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, is a relatively common occurrence for adolescents in high school, a new study suggests.

Nearly half of the teens studied endorsed some form of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in the past year, most frequently biting self, cutting/carving skin, hitting self on purpose, and burning skin.

The research is published in the August 2007 issue of Psychological Medicine.

A total of 633 high school students (grades 9-12) from schools in the southern and midwestern United States voluntarily and anonymously participated in the study.... 46 percent of the teens in the study reported injuring themselves in the past year on multiple occasions.

Results from the study also indicated that the most common reasons teens in the study engaged in NSSI included “to get control of a situation,” “to stop bad feelings,” and “to try and get a reaction from someone” ... "regulating their own internal emotional states and trying to manage situations in their environment..."

From press release:  Self-injury found to be common in high-school students, July 19, 2007


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I do not want to be afraid

I do not want to die inside just to breathe in
I'm tired of feeling so numb

Relief exists
I find it when
I am cut

> lyrics from “Cut” on album Chaotic Resolve  - by Plumb

Photo: Christina Ricci - see more about her experiences with cutting below
"Dabrowski was keenly interested in self-mutilation as a phenomenon suggestive of higher than average sensitivity. His Ph.D. dissertation, first published in 1934.. showed the co-existence of self-mutilatory tendencies, creativity and strong developmental strivings in a select group of creative individuals."


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Princess Diana and self-injury

In a 1995 BBC television interview Diana revealed to the world that she was a self-injurer. She said that she had cut her arms and legs, explaining, "You have so much pain inside yourself that you try and hurt yourself on the outside because you want help." 

"Diana: Her True Story," a biography by Andrew Morton, said that Diana had thrown herself into a glass cabinet at Kensington palace at various times, slashed her wrists with a razor, and cut herself with the serrated edge of a lemon slicer....  [from site: Famous Self-Injurers]


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When you were young, did you think you were going to have a big thing happen in your life?

Because I always felt that something big was going to happen in my life.

Princess Diana, to photographer Mario Testino [quoted in Vanity Fair, Dec 2005]

photos from book Diana, Princess of Wales by Mario Testino

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Diana was one of the most insecure people I had ever met...
That inner pain drove her to seek relief and comfort in some very odd ways, and there was hardly a therapy that, at some time or other, she hadn’t tried. 

Some were undoubted benefit. Others were pure quakery. A few were downright harmful. On the surface, of course, she appeared to have everything going for her.

But, like a number of other well-known and successful women who find themselves in the harsh glare of the public limelight, that wasn’t enough.


from bio Diana: The Last Word
- by Simone Simmons

  Also see new biography
The Diana Chronicles, by Tina Brown


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Princess Diana admitted hurting herself deliberately, and [cutting] continues to be practised mainly by middle-class women who start in their teens and self-harm throughout their lives. 

Most cutters are women who have been emotionally, sexually or physically abused as children, but Marilee Strong's research shows that self-mutilation also appears in other groups.  Though research is in its infancy, therapists say there are now promising treatments - from medication to intensive psychotherapy - for the millions of "cutters". 

Strong reveals what the afflicted and those close to them can do to start a process of healing.

**from review of book: Marilee Strong. A Bright Red Scream


> Related page :   anxiety
> Article Being Creative and Self-critical  - by Douglas Eby
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I was always writing, keeping a journal, drawing, and doing schoolwork. I read a lot of books. I always had to document my existence. I needed a physical record of it. If I was really experiencing some crazy emotions, it wasn't enough to tell someone about it. I wanted to document it, to bring it to life. ... 

I got suicidal at times... I used to keep cutting myself... But I would always stop... I was meant to live.. really really deep down I knew I was meant for something. ... What advice would I give to other kids who are living through a crazy existence? No matter how insane and intense it seems, you can't forget that it is just a moment. ... Wanda

**from book: My Crazy Life



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I don't cut myself now. I have a child now. I think when you make a decision to have a child, you cannot think about suicide again and you can't be self-destructive...

I didn't ever feel enough. I didn't feel close enough to another person, didn't feel alive enough.. nothing ever felt real and honest enough. 

Because I had knives around [an antique knife collection].. in my first sexual experience, I brought knives out and had a night where we attacked each other...

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It was a release of some kind.. it felt so primitive and it felt so honest... And then I had to deal with not telling my mother, hiding things, wearing gauze bandages to high school. 

That was the main [experience]. After that, there were little moments where I would nick my hand or something.. to feel. But I don't now, because of Maddox [her son], and because I don't feel a need to.

Angelina Jolie ABC News, July 11, 2003







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If you cause physical harm to your body in order to deal with overwhelming feelings, know that you have nothing to be ashamed of.

It's likely that you're keeping yourself alive and maintaining psychological integrity with the only tool you have right now. It's a crude and ultimately self-destructive tool, but it works; you get relief from the overwhelming pain/fear/anxiety in your life.

The prospect of giving it up may be unthinkable, which makes sense; you may not realize that self-harm isn't the only or even best coping method around.

For many people who self-injure, though, there comes a breakthrough moment when they realize that change is possible, that they can escape, that things can be different. They begin to believe that other tools do exist and begin figuring out which of these non-self-destructive ways of coping work for them.

 from site : secret shame (self-injury information and support)

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"Thirteen" director Catherine Hardwicke co-wrote the script with 13-year-old, Nikki Reed [right]... based on Reed's own experiences as a rebellious junior high student. ...

"I think what the film does is portray very well the life of a disturbed teenager," said Dr. David Feinberg, a UCLA child psychiatrist... 

Even among 13-year-olds, around 80 percent have no problems with family or peers, says Feinberg. "It's really a small minority of people, but those are the kind of people I see."

"Some girls go through this. Most don't," agrees Don Elium, a Walnut Creek family therapist and the co-author, along with Jeanne Elium, of the book "Raising a Daughter."

He readily confirms that shoplifting, cutting, drug experimentation and oral sex all do occur among even middle school girls.

from article: Growing pains: Teens on film - By Sara Steffens, 
Contra Costa Times, Aug. 26, 2003, posted on centredaily.com

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Evan Rachel Wood [left] says the sexual moments [she portrayed in "Thirteen"] ended up being the least difficult.

There is a moment where her character cuts herself "and those cutting scenes were really, really difficult because when somebody does that, it's something that's really private which you do by yourself, and you're also at your most vulnerable point. So to do that in front of a lot of people is really difficult."

[Teen Scene Magazine teen.dim8.net]

Thirteen [dvd] 

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Angelina Jolie used to hurt herself during her early teens but stopped around the age of sixteen. 

She explained in a 2000 Maxim article, "You're young, you're crazy, you're in bed and you've got knives. So sh*t happens." 

But in 1999 Access Hollywood interview she explained it more in-depth, "I was.. trying to feel something.... I was looking at different things.. thinking romantically about blood. I really hurt myself," and also said, "I was just.. a kid. I was like 13, 

"And, I was saying that it is not something that is cool. Its not cool. And I understand that it is a cry for help..."

In a 2000 Jane interview she said, "I met somebody who said they'd seen movies of mine and then showed me where they had cut themselves. 

I had to explain, first off, not to do that. But it made me really f***ing angry at the people who represent me in a way that would get that person to do that and show me.


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I don't understand why people would want to use something so damaging. It's like, let's make me look 'cool' and worry a lot of people in my family." 

Angelina has the Japanese symbol for "death" tattooed on her shoulder, and the Latin words, 'Quod me nutrit me destruit,' on her stomach, meaning "What nourishes me also destroys me."

from site: Famous Self-Injurers

photo: Angelina Jolie in her position as Goodwill Ambassador 
to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNCHR)

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  Classifying self-harm

We all do things that aren't good for us and that may harm us. We also do things that inflict injury but that are primarily intended for other purposes. Some self-harm is culturally sanctioned, while other types are seen as pathological. Where does one draw lines?

An easy line to draw is that of deliberate, immediate physical harm being done. For example, cutting your arm or hitting yourself with a hammer are clearly self-injurious acts. 

Things like overeating, smoking, not exercising, etc., are harmful to a person in the long run but immediate physical damage is not the desired effect of the behaviors. 

What, then, about things like tattooing and piercing, where physical modification of the body is deliberate and is the desired effect?

The first step in classifying self-harm, as demonstrated by Favazza (1996) [book: Bodies Under Siege..], is to sort out what makes a type of self-injury pathological, as opposed to culturally-sanctioned. 

Socially sanctioned self-harm, he found, falls into two groups: rituals and practices. Body modification (piercings, tattoos, etc) can fall into either class.

from site: secret shame (self-injury information and support)

photos: left: Angelina Jolie as 'Legs' Sadovsky - showing one of her tattoos to the other teen girls 
in Foxfire (1996) [dvd] -- based on book: Foxfire: Confessions of a Girl Gang by Joyce Carol Oates

photo: center: Drew Barrymore from book Tattoo Nation  /  photo: right: Angelina Jolie

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Johnny Depp.. in a 1999 Avantgarde interview said, "As a teenager I was so insecure. I was the type of guy that never fitted in because he never dared to choose. 

"I was convinced I had absolutely no talent at all. For nothing. And that thought took away all my ambition too." 

Even today he still has feelings of insecurity about himself. In 1999 he said, "My self-image it still isn't that alright. No matter how famous I am, no matter how many people go to see my movies, I still have the idea that I'm that pale no-hoper that I used to be." ...

He dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen so that he could concentrate on being a musician. He continued to have problems with drugs and drinking into his twenties.


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Johnny has a series of seven or eight scars on his left forearm where he has cut himself with a knife on different occasions to commemorate various moments or rights of passage in his life. 

In a Talk magazine interview he said, "It was really just whatever [times when he hurt himself] -- good times, bad times, it didn't matter. There was no ceremony. It wasn't like 'Okay, this just happened, I have to go hack a piece of my flesh off.'"

In a 1993 Details magazine interview Johnny explained his self-injury, "My body is a journal in a way. It's like what sailors used to do, where every tattoo meant something, a specific time in your life when you make a mark on yourself, whether you do it yourself with a knife or with a professional tattoo artist."

from site: Famous Self-Injurers

**related pages:......self-esteem / self concept..........more on tattoos:...body image : page 3..........

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Teenage self-harm widespread
More than one in 10 adolescents has deliberately 
harmed themselves, researchers have found.

The study, commissioned by the Samaritans and conducted by the Centre for Suicide Research at Oxford University, found youngsters were more likely to harm themselves if they had friends who had already done so. 

Each year in the UK more than 24,000 teenagers are admitted to hospital after deliberately harming themselves. 

In total, more than 6,000 pupils aged 15 and 16 were quizzed from 41 schools across England. They were asked about suicidal thoughts and self-harming behaviour. 

The survey found that young people who harm themselves often have difficulty coping with everyday problems.

Rather than employing positive strategies such as talking to someone about the situation, they were more likely to blame themselves, sit in their room or drink alcohol. 

They also felt that they had fewer people to turn to for help. For example, only 20% of those who self harmed felt they could speak to a teacher about something that was really bothering them.

People who self-harm were shown by the survey to be more anxious, depressed and to have lower self esteem than those who do not.


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The two most common reasons for self-harming are "to find relief from a terrible state of mind" and "because I wanted to die". Few said they were trying to "frighten someone" or to "get attention". 

The most common problems faced by the pupils related to schoolwork, followed by difficulties with parents.

Only a small proportion - 13% - of self-harm episodes result in a hospital visit The favoured method is cutting or overdosing Girls were nearly four times as likely to engage in self-harm as boys.

Marjorie Wallace, chief executive of mental health charity Sane, said: "Sadly these findings do not surprise us. Results from our own research shows that while over half of those who self-harm were on medication, less than a fifth were receiving counselling or therapy. Clearly, the underlying reasons for people self-harming are not being addressed."

[BBC News bbc.co.uk 3/26/03] 
[image from novel: Patricia McCormick. Cut]

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A third idea is that abused (verbal, sexual or physical) children often times received the message that they are no good and bad, when feelings of "badness" are internalized an act of self-injury externalizes those feelings making the sense of impending doom more manageable. ...

A cycle that represents this thinking is; I am bad, because I am bad I am unlovable, because I am unlovable, I am bad.

Louise Kaplan writes in Female Perversions that: the self-injurer has learned that "action brings comfort," while "waiting long enough to think or speak only brings more tension and more disorganization."

from About Self-Injury on The Healing House site

**related pages:......abuse & creative expression......self-esteem / self concept

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I've been on medications for depression since eighth grade. I was on Paxil, then I went into a hospital for cutting myself. When I came out, they had me on a mood stabilizer ... Then they gave me ReVia, this stuff they give heroin addicts. I hadn't ever done heroin, but it was to keep me from cutting and stuff. 

That was messed up. I was a zombie for a while. Over the years, they've put me on and taken me off of different medicines. ... I definitely think prescription drugs have helped me. ...  Alison, age 17

photo: Joyce, 15, Elysia, 14, and Alison, 14, at their friend's sixteenth birthday party, Arlington, Virginia.

**from Girl Culture - by Lauren Greenfield


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Cutting is the loneliest and most embarrassing experience, but once you talk about it you discover how many people have done the same thing," says [Elizabeth] Wurtzel.  "People that I wouldn't expect would pull me aside after reading my book and tell me they also had a problem with cutting. It made me realize that I wasn't alone."

In addition to Shirley Manson and Elizabeth Wurtzel, other public figures that are reported to have engaged in self-injury include Angelina Jolie, Christina Ricci, Princess Diana, Johnny Depp, Courtney Love and Fiona Apple [right].           [PR Newswire, May 30, 2000]

** Elizabeth Wurtzel Prozac Nation

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Overexcitability and cutting

Psychomotor overexcitability is a manifestation of a heightened energy level, and can be observed in restlessness, rapid and pressured speech, predilection for violent games and sports, pressure for action, or delinquent behavior.

In its ‘pure’ form, it is a manifestation of the excess of energy; but it may also result from the transfer of emotional tension to psychomotor forms of expression such as those mentioned above. Cases of tics and self-mutilation, for example, suggest psychomotor OE, which originates in emotional tension.

Dabrowski was keenly interested in self-mutilation as a phenomenon suggestive of higher than average sensitivity and DP. His Ph.D. dissertation on “Psychological basis of self-mutilation,” first published in 1934 and printed in English three years later, showed the co-existence of self-mutilatory tendencies, creativity and strong developmental strivings in a select group of creative individuals (Dabrowski, 1937).

related pages:......intensity / sensitivity........Dabrowski

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In an US magazine interview Christina Ricci explains a small, smile-shaped scar on her hand.

"I was trying to impress Gaby [Hoffmann, her best friend]. So I heated up a lighter and pressed it on my hand."

She reveals other burn scars on her arms and says, "I wanted to see if I can handle pain. It's sort of an experiment to see if I can handle pain."

In another interview she reveals that she sometimes puts cigarettes out on her arms.

When asked if it hurts she replies, "No. You get this endorphin rush. You can actually faint from pain. It takes a second, a little sting, and then it's like you really don't feel anything. It's calming actually."


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In a Rolling Stone interview she explains where each scar came from. When she was angry about "not looking very good" Christina heated up a lighter and held it to her hand to impress some boys.

Scratches on her forearms come from fingernails and soda tops. She explains, "It's like having a drink. But it's quicker. You know how your brain shuts down from pain? The pain would be so bad, it would force my body to slow down, and I wouldn't be as anxious. It made me calm."

from site: When the Cut Goes in Deep
Celebrities Who Have Self-Injured

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One February day in the seventh grade, I was apprehended in the girls' bathroom, in the act - to be precise - of wearing at my arm with the saw blade of my Swiss Army knife.

It is always February in the seventh grade, that terrible border year, that dangerous liminal interlude.

Until the moment of my apprehension, I didn't once think, People will find this odd. How could they?

photo of Caroline Kettlewell from interview

Is there nothing more fascinating than our own blood? The scarlet beauty of it. The pulsing immediacy.

The way it courses through its endless circuit of comings and goings, slipping and rushing and seeping down to the cells of us, the intimate insider that knows all the news, that's been down to the mailroom and up to the boardroom. ... 

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There was a very fine, an elegant pain. In the razor's wake, the skin melted away... then the blood welled up... the chaos in my head spun itself into a silk of silence.

I kept cutting because it worked. When I cut I felt better, I stopped cutting because I always could have stopped cutting.

*Caroline Kettlewell:**Skin Game

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..> also see  cutting / self-injury resources : articles/sites/books

 

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related pages:.......
mental health : teen/young adult........mental health  [main]........intensity / sensitivity

nurturing mental health.........self-limiting behavior...........

..anxiety relief : articles books.......anxiety relief sites.....,,

..nurturing mental health : articles books......nurturing mental health sites...

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